The case, as Reuters once explained, "again highlighted Africa's commitment to colonial borders drawn without consideration for those actually living there." The northern and western boundaries of the Republic of Texas were very different from present day Texas and included the following areas. Which of the following best describes the border landscape between the United States and Mexico in the early 21st century, very few transportation connections or economic linkages, What type of boundary does the Great Wall of China best illustrate, South Africa is a good example of a landlocked state, Which of the following is not true about both China and Taiwan, Fragmented states can help create which type of forces within a state, The 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait resulted in part from what type of boundary dispute, A confederacy or union between states is most likely to arise in, Both domestic and international acts of terror are defined as terrorism because both, can be perpetrated by groups that believe in civil disobedience, The world's most powerful and far-reaching economic alliance is the, There are some extremely small states in the world that have all but which of the following characteristics, promoted economic growth in Western Europe, A state with control over its internal affairs has, Which of the following states have an exclave, An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to, grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation, Which of the following terms refers to an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over the land? Their traditional way or leading were seen as obsolete and they were given a common government they named democracy. c. 40 000 years and probably more ago . Increased wealth resulted in greater military and political power. These two tribal belts were incorporated formally within the boundaries of Pakistan when that nation separated from a newly independent India under the Partition Plan effective 14 August 1947; the Durand line still stands. Berlin Conference Tasks The initial task of the conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade. The evolution of Africa's boundaries The political boundaries of modern Africa emerged mainly in the 30 years after the Berlin Conference. Africans were also driven by their passionate desire for independence and the movement for same became unstoppable. democracy. – Africans were forced to work under terrible conditions on plantations, railways, and logging. They were drawn by Europeans, for Europeans and, apart from some localized detail, paid scant regard to Africa, let alone to Africans. Most African boundaries were established during the late 1800s, when Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany scrambled to secure their claims to the African continent. Gerrymandering is unfair and selfish. At the said conference western powers agreed amongst themselves that Africa was a ‘Tera Nullius’ or loosely, land that belongs to no one. The total sovereignty a nation should enjoy were no longer there. There are several theories regarding the origins of these groups. Its army, mobilized originally against the Biafran secession, still stands at some 250,000. This concept often leads to defense of the land, This shape can weaken centralized control of state territory and increase regionalism particularly in the areas separate from the main state, Which of the following is a characteristic of compact states, circular with the capital located is a characteristic of compact states, Conflicting claims to the Arctic are mostly due to, Which of the following is considered a State, Although the United Kingdom is divided into several countries- England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland - it constitutes, A good example of a centripetal force in political geography is, Political geographers consider which of the following as the core area of the United States, The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past, Which of the following sub-regions gained more central government powers with the creation of parliament, Large countries such as Canada have used devolution to allow population in distant resource-rich areas to, engage in more self-government in exchange for a share of the resources, The motives of European states in establishing colonies can be summarized as all but which of the following, Physical boundaries are more natural than cultural boundaries, The establishment of political boundaries in Africa by European imperial powers during the 19th century, resulted in distinctive cultural groups being divided among different states, Which of the following countries' internal boundaries are largely antecedent boundaries, The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of, Which of the following countries is not a federal state, Redistricting so that the opposition is spread across many districts as a minority is termed a _______ strategy, Some countries such as India and Nepal, have treaties that allow citizens to live, work, and travel freely in both lands, a practice that typically leads to the development of, Which of the following is the name for political redistricting that produces unusually shaped districts to create a political advantage, strongly demarcated with fences and border guards, particularly in urban areas, Which of the following states is an enclave, What is it called when three or more states cooperate in order to promote shared objectives in the areas of defense, economy or cultural cooperation, Which of the following nations is considered a stateless nation, When a nation undergoes a revolution, there is a high likelihood that its citzens will leave the country causing, an increase in ethnic diversity in neighboring countries, Which region in the world has political boundaries that most poorly represent the linguist boundaries of the region, A real world example of a buffer state would be, Which of the following is considered a sovereign state, Which of the follwoing peoples can be describes as a stateless nation, A state that concentrates all policy-making powers in one central geographic place has a, A state whose territory closely corresponds to an ethnicity that has become a nationality is a, A territory tied to a state rather than being completely independent is a, A feature of the physical environment commonly used to separate states includes all but which of the following, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is one of the world's most powerful, Which of the following best illustrates the geographical concept of the nation state, ethnicity divided between more than one state, The only large land mass not part of a sovereign state is. In 1900 Britain imposed indirect rule on the interior, or protectorate (established in 1894), dividing it into 35 chiefdoms, each with its own chief. Back in my school days during the 1940s and 1950s, the continent was studied only in geography classes. By mid-century most of the continent was independent, with Angola finally free in 1975. The Khoi-San were originally stone age hunter-gatherers. Occasionally, two countries may contest where a particular border is drawn. 12 Hence, the Korean Peninsula, the East China Sea, Taiwan – and the South China Sea – continue to be contested frontiers in … The danger produced from this antagonistic interaction reinscribed the boundary between ‘East’ and ‘West’ along the former perimeter of defence against the Communist Threat, originally drawn by former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson in January 1950. Motivated by their desire to avoid a power struggle amongst themselves, representatives at the Berlin Conference drew colonial boundaries in Africa and … East European embassies were among the recipients of the memorandum, which had been drawn up without consultation with the ruling Parti Démocratique Guinéen leaders. U.S. economic stakes in Nigeria are now as great as in South Africa and growing faster.1. Graeme Simpson is a founder and former Executive Director of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.. Introduction. The Afrikaner Brotherhood, whose motivation were based on the concept of predestination, largely influenced the socio-political lives of South Africans. Already in the past, the taking of a census had been critical, indeed a root cause of war. ... was originally intended as a hymn written by a lay preacher, ... Several conclusions are to be drawn from the examples of Japan and South . Maneuvering boundaries for the benefit of a political party. Nigeria's 1962 census, flagrantly inaccurate, had to be set aside, and in 1963 the government tried again. France took much of western Africa, from Mauritania to Chad (French West Africa), as well as Gabon and the Republic of Congo (French Equatorial Africa). South Africa in the early 1990s was a patchwork of provinces and “homelands,” ethnically defined areas for black South Africans. They were drawn by Europeans, for Europeans and, apart from some localized detail, paid scant regard to Africa, let alone to Africans. Their cause was taken up by mobs of angry students and there were noisy meetings. They are said to … If you look at a map of the United States, it's easy to identify certain states that have unique shapes. This divided society into three groups which are the Hutu, Tutsis, and the original Twas. ... drawn from life, by a member of Pizarro's detachment, 1533. The final constitution could have been either a unitary centralized democracy Floods, droughts, and frequent lack of supplies were just a few … How do you find density in the ideal gas law. Sometimes these align with a natural geographic feature like a river to form a border or barrier between nations. The departing Europeans drew boundaries or used pre-existing ones which they had defined as they had carved up Africa in the … In 1885 European leaders met at the infamous Berlin Conference to divide Africa and arbitrarily draw up borders that exist to this day. The southern tip of Africa, in the area around the Cape, was originally inhabited by two groups of people. Observers have blamed trends like a rising tide of jihadism and incursions by Islamic State militants, but African scholars have long maintained that the national borders in Africa, most of which date back to the period in the late 1800s when European powers divided up most of the continent in a flurry of diplomatic agreements and colonial wars now known as the “Scramble … https://quizlet.com/23089082/political-geography-flash-cards In these areas - the Western Cape, the Northern Cape, and most of what is today Namibia, the Khoi-San could survive, as their descendants do to this day. It was resolved by arbitration in 1903. Rather, they reflect a state that was developed by the Burundian monarchy. South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age.After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were … African borders, we know, have historically been highly contentious since they were drawn by cavalier colonists without regard to economic, political or geographic logic. Its aims were to uphold the Freedom Charter and the Women's Charter, both of which were drawn up in the 1950s. By the late 1960s, most African nations had gained independence. Khoi-San (aka Hottentots, Khoi, Bushmen, San) are the first homo sapiens to roam South Africa. “their political needs.” 12 These boundaries were adopted and maintained by the post- colonial African leadership because they also served “their political needs.” Herbst predicts The fact that most of these boundaries did not coincide with preexisting socio-cultural contexts led to the widespread notion of their ‘‘artifici- ality’’ and ‘‘unnaturalness,’’ the conceptual lexicons in the postcolonial discourse.11 Yet as most critics of this argument have charged, almost all political boundaries … The first British Settlers, known as the 18… From the 1950's onwards Africa experienced the collapse of the European Empires as occupied territories emerged to become independent states. During the latter stages of the Cold War and much of the 1990s, the Horn of Africa became notorious for the destructive role of mutual destabilization activities ( Cliffe, 1999 ; de Waal, 2004: Ch. around the world. A political boundary is an imaginary line separating one political unit, such as a country or state, from another. This concept often leads to defense of the land, Which of the following is the best example of a perforated state, Which of the following is a landlocked country, Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave, What is the primary reason for establishing a proruption in a boundary, A conflict over the sharing of water in the Kaveri River between the South Indian states of Kamatake and Tamil Nadu would best be classified as, Which of the following associations regarding ethnic separation is not correct, Which of the following is a good example of an enclave, What was a distinctive feature of the world's superpowers between the 1940s and 1980s compared to other eras, the number of superpowers was much lower than in the past, Which of the following best illustrates the geographical concept of the nation-state, This type of boundary line is established before an area well populated, Which of the following states best fits the morphology descriptions of a perforated state, the civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of, Cities along national borders often contain evidence of the interdependence that exists between two countries, which is demonstrated on an individual level by residents of these cities who, In Antarctica, geometric political borders do little to organize a vast, When one country exerts political, economic, or social influence over another without the aid of official government institutions, it is called, In political geography these forces tend to disrupt and threaten the unity of a state, Countries comprised mostly of exclusively of islands are classified as, When countries come together for a common purpose, somewhat limiting their own individual powers, the resulting body is called a, Redistricting so that the opposition is spread across may districts as a minority it termed a ________ strategy, The boundaries between which set of countries were established primarily to separate different religions, The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is, A national group that aspires to become a nation-state but lacks the territory is a, Which of the following is an example of an exclave in the United States. The country was originally populated by the Twa, a Pygmy hunter-gatherer population. Even if they haven’t heard the term Scramble for Africa, most people know that something went wrong when the continent was divided into nation states by European colonial powers.Some economists, however, have taken the time to quantify the destructive nature of Africa's national borders. Cultism is the sharing of a worship or belief system among a selected few with the intention of upholding a particular beneficial truth. This is called, Most of Africa's political boundaries were originally drawn by, European colonial powers in the late nineteenth century, Which of the following is a landlocked state, Cultural boundaries include all but which of the following, The political dominance of a country or region by another country is referred to as, This type of political framework has a central government but each of the sub-national entities has representation and influence in the government process, Which region of the United States do geometric boundaries predominate, Which of the following terms refers to an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over land? – New political boundaries caused ethnic groups to clash. Throughout the 1800s, the boundaries of European influence spread eastwards. From the 1950's onwards Africa experienced the collapse of the European Empires as occupied territories emerged to become independent states. Other reasons include external meddling from international powers, and bitter disputes over where political boundaries should be drawn after decolonization. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. etc. Oral hist… Some groups wanted provincial borders drawn according to ethnicity, which would strengthen their political bases but also reinforce divisions that had bedeviled the country’s political past. 3. b. the continent's population growth rate is less than the worldwide average c. the African continent contains about half of the worlds refugee population d. most of Africa's political boundaries were drawn at the beginning of the colonial period with little regard for teh continent's patterns of … PE MC #45 Most of Africa’s political boundaries were originally drawn by (A) seventeenth-century European explorers (B) European colonial powers in the late-nineteenth century (C) the Bandung Conference of 1955 (D) decolonization movements of the 1950s and 1960s (E) UN peacekeeping missions in the 1950s and 1960s Hunter gatherers settled the area in the late Stone Age and were followed by early Iron Age settlers. The winner should win from the majority that chooses them, not moving people to change their vote. The so-called “ Scramble for Africa ” was a conflict between European powers on African soil. Further, Nigeria is powerful in Africa. The political structure of Africa nations was uttered and destroyed. This paper was written prior to the publication of the TRC's Final Report (October 1998). The departing Europeans drew boundaries or used pre-existing ones which they had defined as they had carved up Africa in the preceding 300 years. Some of the nations weren’t even named by the people living there. frica is perhaps the most "mapped" of the world's major regions. What are the units used for the ideal gas law? Today we see many Africa countries that cannot exist without the British Government. frica is perhaps the most "mapped" of the world's major regions. Unlike the borders of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the boundaries of Burundi were not drawn by European powers. on pp. The body was formed by all women's organisations, which were United Democratic Front (UDF) affiliates, and it included women's co-operatives, the women's section of youth and civic organisations, unions and church groups. Of these 14 nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time. The dispute had existed between the Russian Empire and Britain since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the Alaska Purchase in 1867. Shortly after the establishment of the colony, slaves were imported from East Africa, Madagascar and the East Indies. 15 Africa’s Most Prominent Secret Cults Of All Time. Humans migrated to what is now Rwanda after the last ice age. Some economists, however, have taken the time to quantify the destructive nature of Africa’s national borders. C. The African continent is located at the center of our planet's landmasses. Created to supply passing ships with fresh produce, the colony grew rapidly as Dutch farmers settled to grow crops. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests of the New Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa (1884-1914) era, followed by gradual decolonisation. Mapping Africa: Problems of Regional Definition and Colonial/National Boundaries. They were the Khoikhoi (Hottentot is the derisive name used by the Dutch) and the San (Bushmen), sometimes collectively called the Khoisan people. However the transition was not smooth. There is a wider southern African lesson here — elections in 2014 and 2015 in Malawi and Zambia worked because their institutions were respected, but the 2013 elections in Zimbabwe and 2014 elections in Mozambique were flawed partly because their electoral institutions were compromised. The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. Portugal took Mozambique in the east and Angola in the west. That is where the boarders then drawn. Political impact and Affiliation; Most Africa countries were colonized even to the point of their thought and culture. Afghanistan's northern border, along with the boundaries of all of today's Central Asian Republics, were drawn by Josef Stalin. Most of Africa's political boundaries were drawn during the colonial period with little regard for the continent's patterns of human occupancy. The departing Europeans drew boundaries or used pre-existing ones which they had defined as they had carved up Africa … by Ralph A. Austen. Most importantly African societies were following their own patterns of development before the onset of European intervention. But the distinction between foreign drawn and local drawn borders is misleading, and more critically, this distinction does not fit with the latest scholarship on state formation. Mapping Africa: Problems of Regional Definition and Colonial/National Boundaries. For example, the states of Texas and Florida have interesting shapes that just about everyone recognizes at first glance. How do I determine the molecular shape of a molecule? Rather they were drawn so that European powers could continue to politically and economically dominate and exploit the emerging states' raw materials and natural resources. The evolution of Africa's boundaries The political boundaries of modern Africa emerged mainly in the 30 years after the Berlin Conference. International law - International law - The responsibility of states: The rights accorded to states under international law imply responsibilities. Political considerations were based on religious . Each year, The State of the World's Children picks up a key issue affecting children for close examination with supporting data and statistics.Since 1980, the report has been the most comprehensive analysis of global trends affecting children. The div ision of unified cultural areas by boundaries drawn at the Berlin Conference in1884 – 1885 has often been cited as the most important source of disintegration and instability in Africa. The political structure of Africa nations was uttered and destroyed. In 1806, Britain reoccupied the Cape. I feel that political parties should be fair and fight clean instead of changing boundaries for the benefit of one party. Even if they haven’t heard the term Scramble for Africa, most people know that something went wrong when the continent was divided into nation states by European colonial powers. It is a socio-religious and even a political thing that is identifiable in every nation of the world. The first European settlement in southern Africa was established by the Dutch East India Company in Table Bay (Cape Town) in 1652. Over time, how we perceive borders being created, or what determines a natural border, changes, but the fact that all borders are originally social constructions by elites (oftentimes seen as foreign) is … First, it accepted the geographical boundaries of the nine provinces, and thus their anticipated political control, as specified by the original Interim Constitution. The history of external colonisation of Africa can be dated from ancient, medieval, or modern history, depending on how the term colonisation is defined. Negative views. Answered 2 years ago. Africa as we know it today would not exist if not for the Scramble for Africa. Additional migrations took place between 700 BC and 1500 AD. From the port of Durban, Natal settlers pushed northwards, further and further into the land of the Zulu. Read this description and then select the type of border dispute that best describes the dispute. 6 ). The landscape of these countries influenced the types of boundaries imposed by the European colonial powers. Yugoslavia (Originally called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) – this country included Serbia and Montenegro along with the Croatian areas of Austria-Hungary The boundaries of Romania were expanded based on ethnic considerations to include as many Romanians as possible within its borders. – This has led to ethnic and political … European nations, led by the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium, competed to amass the most land and resources in Africa, with little regard for natural boundaries or cultural borders. However the transition was not smooth. Although most of the boundaries were defined in letters of patent by meridians, determining the physical ground position that corresponds with those meridians has never been easy. The demands were turned down by the government and the teachers began to agitate. a. the majority of Africa's population is engaged in agriculture for their livelihoods. The Berlin Conference of 1884 shaped the subsequent colonization of Africa by establishing borders of European colonies on the continent, without war … All too often, Africa’s political conflicts are blamed on the “arbitrary” nature of its borders. From the 1950's onwards Africa experienced the collapse of the European Empires as occupied territories emerged to become independent states. – In order to gain power, Europeans encouraged Africans to fight against each other. Constitutions play a protective role here too. Authors Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou have released a new working paper showing … Those results were dubiously large and worse, most Nigerians believe them to have been falsified for political reasons. 2455 views political challenges. By Amara Onuh. Through political and economic expediency as part of the decolonisation process. British protectorate As a result of a conference in Paris in 1889, France ceded control of the Gambia River to Britain, and the present-day boundaries of the Gambia were drawn. Through political and economic expediency as part of the decolonisation process. Back in my school days during the 1940s and 1950s, the continent was studied only in geography classes. These were ancestors of the Twa, a group of Pygmy hunters who still remain in Rwanda. Africa was divided definitively between and by western powers at the Berlin Conference of 1884–5. Many of the structured and practices that were seen in most Africa countries is a similitude of British country that colonized them. The case, as Reuters once explained, "again highlighted Africa's commitment to colonial borders drawn without consideration for those actually living there." In the 18th century, racist views of Africa were most famously expressed by Scottish philosopher David Hume: ‘I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites.
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