Unless contraindicated, lumbar puncture should be performed to rule out meningitis in all patients with systemic illness.Anthrax meningitis may develop from hematogenous spread of any of the clinical forms of anthrax, or it may occur alone; half of all reported cases are sequelae of cutaneous anthrax.
However, with proper treatment, 60% of patients survive.When a person eats raw or undercooked meat from an animal infected with anthrax, they can develop gastrointestinal anthrax.
A total of 52 cases of cutaneous anthrax and 24 cases of oropharyngeal anthrax were recognized in humans. Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die.
Gastrointestinal Anthrax Incubation period: Usually 1–7 days. Common hosts for anthrax include wild or domestic livestock, such as sheep, cattle, horses and goats. Awareness of anthrax in a differential diagnosis remains important in disease endemic-areas and also in settings of possible bioterrorism.When swallowed, anthrax spores may cause lesions from the oral cavity to the cecum. The incubation period for inhalational anthrax is highly variable. This review provides background information on the gastrointestinal form of the disease. Herbivores, which provide most of the human exposure risk for anthrax, become infected in rural parts of the world where spores in the soil perpetuate endemicity. The incubation period (the period between contact with anthrax and the start of symptoms) may be relatively short, from one to five days. Although outbreaks still occur in livestock and wild herbivores in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, human anthrax in these areas is now rare.Cutaneous anthrax usually develops 1–7 days after exposure, but incubation periods as long as 17 days have been reported. The oropharyngeal variant, in particular, is unfamiliar to most physicians.
Gastrointestinal anthrax has rarely been reported in the United States.
Occasional anthrax cases have occurred, in the United States and elsewhere, in which the exposure source remains unidentified.Kate Hendricks, Antonio R. Vieira, Chung K. MarstonTreat naturally occurring localized or uncomplicated cutaneous anthrax with 7–10 days of a single oral antibiotic. Gastrointestinal Anthrax Oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal anthrax result from the ingestion of infected meat that has not been sufficiently cooked. Inhalation anthrax usually develops within a week after exposure, but the incubation period may be prolonged (up to 2 months). Humans have an increased risk of getting anthrax if they:Symptoms of anthrax ingestion include:If your doctor detects anthrax in your body, the test results will be sent to a public health department laboratory for confirmation.The symptoms of anthrax exposure depend on the mode of contact.While anthrax can be transmitted to humans via contact with animals, it’s not spread through human-to-human contact.When used as a preventive measure, it’s a five-dose vaccine series given over an 18-month period. The apparent paucity of this form of anthrax reflects the lack of facilities able to make the diagnosis in these areas. The spectrum of disease, ranging from no symptoms to death, has not been fully appreciated.
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