We again see thatconservatism, although a practical standpoint that appeals toexperience, does not rest on philosophical empiricism.On this view, radical change need not involve a fixed blueprint. This is “conservation of value”, but noton the model of “conservation of energy”:circumstances give every political principle its colour. Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, organic society, hierarchy, authority, and property rights. For Cohen,conservatives aim to conserve particular valuable things, rather thanmaximising value. On this view,conservative particularism is relativistic.theory of the origins of society and government which placed politicalconservatism on a much sounder and more realistic basis. Is it anancient attitude, or one that developed only in response toEnlightenment rationality and its political products, liberalism andsocialism? The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied...[T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.Many conservatives, especially in the United States, believe that the government should not play a major role in regulating business and managing the economy. (Burke, WS III: 147)Conservatism therefore rests on what may be termed particularistscepticism concerning abstract rational principles. (Pocock 1989: 203)Conservatives do not believe any general purpose for government can begiven, beyond “keeping the enterprise afloat”. Democracy tells us not to neglect a goodman’s opinion, even if he is our groom; tradition asks us not toneglect a good man’s opinion, even if he is our father (Chesterton2012: 29; see also section 4 of this entry)In the groves of [the] academy [of this new conquering empire of lightand reason], at the end of every vista, you see nothing but thegallows; (Burke, WS III: 128)For Graham, conservative scepticism isCohen echoes Burke in his explanation of our desire to conserveparticular things:Hampsher-Monk comments that BurkeWhile acknowledging his prescience about the Terror, liberals foundBurke’s fears concerning the French Revolution excessive.Theytook a different view when confronted with the Bolshevik Revolution ofOctober 1917, which Marxists regard as completing its“bourgeois” predecessor. As conservatives such as Burke supported the 1688Revolution, so they should support the non-violent uprisings of1989.Conservatism proceeds via the tried and tested, relying not on purereason, but on what Burke called the “latent wisdom” ofprejudice, instinct and custom, which accumulates across generations.For Kirk, “prejudice is not bigotry or superstition”,though it may degenerate into these; it issublimates the contract’s ideological power whilst draining itof radical potential: a contract involving the dead and unborn couldhardly be renegotiated. The judgement of whether something is broken or runsreasonably well appeals to values accepted in the relevant society.Thus conservatives in reasonably functioning socialist, feudal andfascist countries advocate different modes of social organisation andgradual improvement, according to prevailing values. The nobles also appealed to the peasants to try and get them on their side. Nationalism and Unification. The French writer Joseph de Maistre’s Essay on the General Principle of Political Constitutions (1814) is a prime nineteenth-century example of conservatism’s opposition to constitutionalism and reform. (Ferguson 2012)conserve the political arrangements that have historically shownthemselves to be conducive to good lives thus understood (1998:27);In political activity…men sail a boundless and bottomless sea:there is neither harbour for shelter nor floor for anchorage, neitherstarting-place nor appointed destination.
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