David Hume war ein bedeutender, schottischer Philosoph und durch seine Gedanken stark an der schottischen Aufklärung beteiligt. We form the idea of God as an infinitely intelligent, wise, powerful, and benevolent personality.“But though imagination has a strong tendency to perceive objects as identical and possessing a continued existence our reason may tell us otherwise. We do not cease to speak of a material thing as the same thing although a change has taken place within it; provided that change is small in comparison with the whole. Whenever we want to go beyond our perception or memory, beyond the testimony of our senses and reports of memory—we base our knowledge on cause and effect. » ideas « seien die durch Erinnerung und Phantasie hervorgebrachten Nachbildungen von impressions. It is not an explanation of the universal causal law: “Every event must have a cause.” It is Kant who took up the thread and explained satisfactorily the universal causal principle as a ‘synthetic a priori category’ of the understanding. The result is that the system still banned all metaphysical ideas about the substance, cause and God, or, at least, these ideas become mere nominal form, without objective value. In fact day and night both are caused by the rotation of earth.
By idea, it means the image of these impressions weakened (the faint image of These), used in the Judgement and Reasoning.
Hume first challenged seriously this view. Such propositions are only probable or contingent, not necessary.As he himself observes: If we take in hands any volume of divinity or school of metaphysics … let us ask, “Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quality or number?
a square circle]. There is no objective basis of this relation. Taking poison is the cause of death. The bond which connects cause and effect, the force that puts forth the second from the first, the power that produces the effect from the cause is not perceived but is added to perception by thought, is construed into it.Hume criticises the commonsense view of ‘will-power’ by saying that a man suddenly struck by paralysis often tries to move his limbs, but in vain. This, according to Hume, is the influence of custom.Hume claims that ‘power’ or ‘force’ that produces effect from the cause is not discoverable by the reflection on the operations of our own minds also. For, our passions and affections—which we never suppose to have any existence beyond our perception—operate with greater violence and are equally involuntary as the impression of colour and sound which are supposed to be permanent things. We may conceive of what we have not seen (monsters and strange shapes) and nothing is beyond our thought except what implies an absolute contradiction [e.g. Immanuel Kant, the famous German philosopher who came after Hume, in the history of philosophy, criticised Hume from this standpoint.The answer is found in a peculiar tendency of the imagination.
The creative power of the mind amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded to us by the senses.But even experience does not vouchsafe all that we desire. This is confusing a condition for a cause.Necessary connection or power, therefore, is a product of our imagination. Milk has a ‘power’ to produce curd.In fact, Hume wanted to lay the foundation of true metaphysics as distinguished from false and spurious metaphysics. Its truth does not depend on fact. their truth or falsity depend on our experience of the fact.When Hume says “when I enter……….” etc. The distinction between impressions and ideas is given now in psychological terms, so that the distinction is verifiable in immediate experience”.From what impression do we get the idea of self or soul? Our philosophy plays, lessons and philosophy activities So now, there is no way to connect present with the past or future impressions.Repeated experience of two events occurring one after another, in close succession, is imagined to be connected. In the case of a phenomenon previously unknown, we cannot tell from what cause it has proceeded, nor what its effect will be. When we entertain any suspicion that a philosophical term is employed without any meaning or idea (as is but too frequent), we need but enquire from what impression is that supposed idea derived? Sus poderosas ideas aún tienen importancia en la actualidad y, de hecho, otros filósofos del siglo XX fueron inspiradas por ellas.
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